Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) are a diverse group of proteins that play a crucial role in the adhesion and communication between cells. They are primarily responsible for establishing strong interactions between the surfaces of adjacent cells, thereby promoting cell-to-cell adhesion and maintaining tissue integrity.
CAMs are typically transmembrane proteins, which means they span the entire width of the cell membrane. They possess distinct extracellular domains that can bind to other CAMs or to specific molecules on the surface of neighboring cells. This binding is mediated by various types of molecular interactions, such as hydrogen bonding, electrostatic interactions, and van der Waals forces.
There are several classes of CAMs, including cadherins, integrins, selectins, and immunoglobulin superfamily members. Each class is characterized by its unique structure and function. For instance, cadherins are calcium-dependent CAMs that establish strong calcium-mediated adhesions between cells, contributing to tissue cohesion. Integrins, on the other hand, act as receptors for the extracellular matrix and facilitate cell migration and signaling. Selectins are involved in the recognition and adhesion of leukocytes to endothelial cells during immune responses, whereas immunoglobulin superfamily CAMs are involved in a wide range of cellular processes, including neuronal development and immune system functions.
CAMs are critical for embryonic development, tissue morphogenesis, wound healing, and immune responses. Dysregulation or dysfunction of CAMs can lead to various pathological conditions, including cancer metastasis, inflammation, autoimmune diseases, and developmental disorders. Therefore, understanding the structure, function, and regulation of CAMs is of great importance in both basic research and clinical applications.
