WILLIAM GRAHAM SUMNER Meaning and
Definition
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William Graham Sumner (1840–1910) was an American social scientist and professor of political and social science at Yale University. He is widely recognized as a leading figure in the development of sociology and is known for his extensive contributions to social theory and the understanding of human society.
Sumner's works explored a range of topics, including cultural evolution, social structure, and the dynamics of social change. He emphasized the importance of empirical evidence and the scientific method, encouraging the application of these principles to the study of society. Sumner believed that society was shaped by complex interactions among individuals and social institutions, and that understanding these interactions was key to understanding social phenomena.
One of his most notable works is "Folkways" (1906), a comprehensive study of the customs, traditions, and habits that shape the behaviors and beliefs of different social groups. In this work, Sumner argued that these social norms often go unquestioned and create a sense of moral obligation within a society. He also introduced the concept of "ethnocentrism," highlighting the tendency for individuals to judge other cultures based on the standards of their own.
Sumner's contributions to sociology continue to influence the field today, and his emphasis on empirical research and the study of social behaviors greatly contributed to the development of scientific sociology. His meticulous observations and theories provide valuable insights into human society and the dynamics that shape it.
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